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The Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering (GATE) is an all-India examination administered and conducted in 8 zones across the country jointly by the IIS, Bangalore and 7 IIT on behalf of the National Coordinating Board – [...]
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Introduction
A wide range of compounds existing either naturally or synthetically prepared are known to possess the element carbon. This forms a branch of chemistry, known as Organic Chemistry. Over three million different organic compounds have been characterized & every year tens of thousands of new substances are added to the list.
In 1774, Antoine Lavoisier [...]
* Redox Reactions
o Introduction
o Oxidation Numbers
o Balancing Reactions
Introduction
Practically, all chemical reactions are carried out for the purpose of generating energy. Combusion of fuels, generation of [...]
# Chemical Bonding
* Introduction
* The Ionic Bonds
* The Covalent Bonds
* The Polar Bonds
* Electronegativity
* Others Bonds
Covalent Bond
A Covalent Bond is formed due to sharing of electrons between two atoms.
When both the [...]
The Ionic Bond
An ionic bond is formed by transfer of electrons from one atom to another atom in the molecule.
Consider the formation of potassium chloride. An electron is transferred from potassium atom to chlorine atom. The resulting K+ and Cl- ions possessing configuration of argon (2,8,8) combine to form an electrovalent compound as shown below [...]
Introduction
The union of two or more atoms involving redistribution of electrons either by transfer or sharing between themselves, so that all of them acquire the stable noble gas configuration of minimum energy is known as chemical bonding.
The attraction between atoms within a molecule is called a chemical bond.
Electronic theory of valency :
The electronic theory leads [...]
Orbitals
The region in the space around the nucleus where the probability of finding an electron is maximum is known as an orbital of that electron.
Actually, according to the concepts of wave mechanics (electron behaving as a wave), the negative charge of the electron is spread around the nucleus which is referred to as ’cloud of [...]
Ions
Looking back at Table 3 indicates that all atoms have equal number of protons (positively charged) and electrons (negatively charged) as a result of which the net charge in the atom is 0.
But when any atom gains or loses one or more electrons we get atoms with imbalance charge which are termed as ions. Ions [...]
Radioactivity
In 1896, Henry Becquerel observed that the uranium salt was emitting a penetrating type of radiation spontaneously. A little later, Curie suggested that these radiations were from a uranium compound. He termed this an atomic phenomenon and named this Radioactivity.
The phenomenon of spontaneously emitting active radiations from an unstable atomic nucleus is called radioactivity. The [...]
Atomic Weights of An Elements
The atomic weight of an element is defined as a number which expresses the ratio of weight of one atom of an element to the weight of one atom of hydrogen.
Thus atomic weight is only a number. It has no units and it does not provide any information regarding the actual [...]
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